Asiane sɛ agorɔ dwetire bɛsa

Asɛmmisa no

Wowɔ agorɔ dwetiresikaAgorɔ dwetireSika a woayi asie nyinaa ama agorɔ. Agorɔ dwetire so hwɛ ne sɛ wobɛsi gyinaeɛ wɔ dodoɔ a wode bɛto asiane mu wɔ bɛt biara ne agorɔ bere biara mu.Kenkan ne nyinaa → kyɛfasikaKyɛfaBɛt sika a ɛwɔ ase a nhyehyɛe anaa agorɔfoɔ de yɛ adwuma. Wɔka bɛt nsakraeɛ ntoatoasoɔ ho asɛm wɔ kyɛfa mu sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛfata ɛpono biara.Kenkan ne nyinaa → a na wopɛ sɛ woduru kyɛfa a + b, na woto bɛt kyɛfa baako biara wɔ sika pɛ bɛtbɛtSika pɛ bɛtKɔkɔɔ/tuntum, ɛnkyɛ pɛ/ɛkyɛ pɛ, soro/fam. Nɔma 18, akatua 1:1.Kenkan ne nyinaa → so a ne nkonim hokwanakontaabuHokwanHokwan a biribi bɛba, firi 0 kɔsi 1 anaa 0% kɔsi 100%. Nɔma baako: 1/37 = 2.70%.Kenkan ne nyinaa → yɛ p = 18/37 na ahwereɛ hokwan yɛ q = 19/37. Hokwan bɛn na ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wobɛduru botaeɛ no ansa na woaduru hwee? Pascal, Fermat ne Huygens buu mmuaeɛ no wɔ 1650 mfeɛ no mu, na ɛyɛ hokwan nimdeɛ mu nsunsuansoɔ a ɛyɛ dada sene biara no mu baako.

Blaise Pascal: roulette ntwahonan ho tetesɛm

Sika agorɔfoɔ sɛeɛ akontaabu kwan

P(woduru botaeɛ) = (1 − (q/p)ᵃ) / (1 − (q/p)ᵃ⁺ᵇ). Asiane sɛ agorɔ dwetire bɛsaakontaabuAsiane sɛ agorɔ dwetire bɛsaHokwan a wobɛhwere agorɔ dwetire no nyinaa ansa na woadu botaeɛ anaa kyinhyia dodoɔ bi ho.Kenkan ne nyinaa → yɛ baako a woayi saa nɔma no afiri so. Sɛ q/p = 19/18 ≈ 1.0556 a, nkyekyɛmu no kɔ soro ntɛmntɛm sɛdeɛ kyɛfa dodoɔ kɔ soro no, enti akontaabu kwan no twe kyɛfa nketewa aso denneennen: sɛdeɛ bɛt dodoɔ a ɛhia na woaduru botaeɛ no kɔ soro no, saa ara na wotua 2.70% toɔ no mpɛn pii wɔ kwan so.

Sɛdeɛ wokenkan

Kyɛfa nketewa yɛ ya. Sɛ wobɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛbɔ $500 mmɔho denam $10 bɛt so a, ɛyɛ yie 6% wɔ bere nyinaa mu; sɛ wode $500 bɛt baako yɛ a, ɛyɛ yie 48.6% wɔ bere nyinaa mu. Akokoɔduro agorɔ, bɛt kakra a ɛyɛ akɛseɛ, ma hokwan a wobɛduru botaeɛ bi wɔ agorɔ a ne boɔ a wɔhwɛ kwan sua sene hwee mu no kɔ soro sene biara, ɛfiri sɛ ɛtew mpɛn dodoɔ a kasino mfasoɔ no yɛ adwuma no so kɔ fam sene biara. Ɛsan ma nsakraeɛakontaabuNsakraeɛNsusuiɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛdeɛ nsɛm a ɛfiri mu ba no trɛ wɔ boɔ a wɔhwɛ kwan ho. Ɛso ma nɔma baako bɛt, ɛsua ma sika pɛ bɛt.Kenkan ne nyinaa → a ɛba wo so no kɔ soro sene biara, na ɛma anwummerɛ no ba awieeɛ ntɛm. Wɔfrɛ nsɛm titiriw no “akokoɔduro agorɔ na ɛyɛ papa sene biara” na Dubins ne Savage kyerɛɛ ne nokorɛ wɔ 1965.

Baabi a asɛm no fii aseɛ

Asɛmmisa no dii roulette anim. Wɔ 1656 mu, Pascal de nsɛnnennen bi too Fermat anim: agorɔfoɔ mmienu tow dice mmiɛnsa, a obiara de nkyerɛnneɛ 12 fi aseɛ; towee a ɛyɛ 11 tu nkyerɛnneɛ baako kɔ ɔfa baako so, towee a ɛyɛ 14 tu kɔ ɔfa foforɔ no so. Wɔn mmienu nyinaa buaeɛ, na Huygens, a ɔtee ho asɛm wɔ krataa bi a akontaabufoɔ Pierre de Carcavi kyerɛwee mu no, tintimii wɔ 1657 sɛ asɛmmisa a ɛtɔ so enum wɔ hokwan ho nwoma a edi kan no mu, a mmuaeɛ no ka ho na adansedie nka ho. Wobɛtumi atow dubaako wɔ akwan 27 so na dunan deɛ akwan 15 pɛ, enti nkyerɛnneɛ biara kɔ agorɔfoɔ a edi kan no ɔfa so mpɛn 9 wɔ 14 mu, na akontaabu kwan a ɛwɔ soro no, a nkyerɛnneɛ 12 wɔ obiara nkyɛn no, ma ne hokwan a ɔbɛdi biribiara so nkonim kɔ soro bɛyɛ mmɔho 1,157 sene sɛ ɔbɛhwere biribiara. Kasino mfasoɔ 2.70% sua koraa sene saa, nanso akontaabu kwan korɔ no ara kyerɛ deɛ ɛyɛ wɔ bɛt pii mu.

Akokoɔduro bɛt ankasa bi

Wɔ Oforisuo 2004 mu, Ashley Revell, Engiresi aberanteɛ bi, tɔn ne nneɛma no ɛkame ayɛ ne nyinaa, ne ntadeɛ mpo ka ho, na ɔde $135,300 kɔɔ Plaza wɔ Las Vegas. Bɛt nketewa kakra akyi no, ɔde sika no nyinaa too kɔkɔɔbɛtKɔkɔɔSika pɛ bɛt wɔ nɔma kɔkɔɔ 18 no so. Franse kasa mu: rouge.Kenkan ne nyinaa → so, prɛko pɛ. Bɔɔlnneɛma a wɔde diBɔɔlBɔɔl ketewa a wɔto no ma ɛtu mmirika wɔ ne kwan mu tia rotor no. Ɛnnɛ bɔɔl yɛ ivorine anaa Teflon, 18–21 mm.Kenkan ne nyinaa → no tɔɔ kɔkɔɔ 7 so na ɔde $270,600 firii hɔ. Wɔ hweentwahonanHweeTokuru ahabammono baako a sika pɛ bɛt, dumienu kuo bɛt anaa santen tee bɛt biara nkata so; kasino mfasoɔ fibea. Wɔfrɛ no nso hwee baako, 0.Kenkan ne nyinaa → mmienu ntwahonan so no, saa kyinhyia baako no hokwan yɛ 47.37% na ɛsɛee no $7,121 wɔ mfinimfini mu, kasino mfasoɔ 5.26% wɔ bɛt baako so. Sɛ ɔkyɛɛ mu de too $10 bɛt so a, anka saa botaeɛ korɔ no ara ho anidasoɔ ɛkame ayɛ hwee. Akokoɔduro agorɔ mma bɛt no nyɛ papa; ɛma ɛyɛ tiawa sɛdeɛ ɛbɛtumi.

Asiane sɛ agorɔ dwetire bɛsa a botaeɛ biara nni mu

Sɛ wodi agorɔ kɛkɛ kɔsi sɛ wo sika bɛsa anaa wogyae wɔ kyinhyia N akyi a, asɛmmisa no bɛyɛ “hokwan bɛn na ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ m'agorɔ dwetire bɛduru hwee wɔ kyinhyia N mu?”. Akontaabu kwan tiawa biara nni hɔ ma N biara, nanso sɔhwɛ agorɔ a ɛwɔ saa wɛbsaet yi so no bu: agorɔ dwetire $500 wɔ $10 so wɔ kɔkɔɔ so ntaa nsa wɔ kyinhyia 100 mu (ɛnnu 1%), ɛsa bɛyɛ 9% wɔ bere nyinaa mu wɔ kyinhyia 500 mu, na bɛyɛ 95% wɔ kyinhyia 5,000 mu. Sɛ gyinaeɛ mmara biara nni hɔ a, hokwan no kɔ 100% so, na ɛno ne kasino mfasoɔakontaabuKasino mfasoɔBɛt sika biara mu kyɛfa a kasino no kora wɔ mfinimfini mu: 2.70% wɔ Yuropu roulette mu.Kenkan ne nyinaa → no wɔ bere tenten mu.

Ahyiaeɛ wɔ bere tenten mu: dodoɔ kɛseɛ mmara wɔ roulette mu

Bere tenten ne sɛdeɛ wobɛdi anim akɔ akyiri

Nsunsuansoɔ dada mmienu foforɔ bua nsɛmmisa a agorɔfoɔ bisa ankasa. Sɛ botaeɛ biara nni hɔ a, sika pɛ a wɔto daa wɔ sika pɛ bɛt so tena hɔ kyinhyia 37 wɔ mfinimfini mu ma agorɔ dwetire kyɛfa biara wɔ Yuropu ntwahonan so na 19 wɔ Amerika deɛ so, ɛfiri sɛ kyinhyia biara gye kyɛfa no 1/37 wɔ mfinimfini mu (1/19 wɔ Amerika ntwahonan so): kyɛfa 100 tena hɔ kyinhyia 3,700 wɔ mfinimfini mu, ɛwom sɛ saa agorɔ bere no fa wie wɔ 3,134 mu deɛ (hwɛ Agorɔ bere tenten ne ne ka). Na sɛ agorɔ dwetire no dɔɔso sɛdeɛ ɛte biara a, hokwan a ɛwɔ Yuropu ntwahonan so sɛ wobɛdi anim kyɛfa k da no yɛ (18/19)ᵏ. Ɛno yɛ 95% ma kyɛfa baako na 58% ma du, nanso agorɔ dwetire biara, sɛ ɛdɔɔso sɛdeɛ ɛte biara a, mma hokwan fa ne fa sɛ wobɛdi anim kyɛfa 13 da; wɔ Amerika ntwahonan so no, hokwan no yɛ (9/10)ᵏ na ɛba fam sene fa wɔ kyɛfa 7.

Agorɔ bere tenten ne ne kaAmerika roulette ntwahonan ne mmara

Agorɔ dwetire ma hokwan fa ne fa

Dane asɛmmisa no: sika dodoɔ bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ wode ba na woanya hokwan fa ne fa ne nea ɛboro saa sɛ wobɛnya sika dodoɔ bi ansa na woahwere biribiara? Nkonim ketewa deɛ, ɛnhia pii. Deɛ ɛyɛ kɛseɛ deɛ, agorɔ dwetire a ɛhia no kɔ soro denneennen, na sɛ ɛboro baabi bi a, agorɔ dwetire biara nnɔɔso, ɛfiri sɛ deɛ ɛnni awieeɛ mpo ma hokwan a ɛsua sene fa ne fa sɛ wobɛdi anim akɔ saa akyiri da. Taylor (2021) ka no ɔkwan foforɔ so: wɔ Amerika ntwahonan so no, sɛ wopɛ hokwan fa ne fa sɛ wobɛduru kyɛfa 100 a, ɛsɛ sɛ wofi aseɛ wɔ 94, de 94 to asiane mu de anya 6. Wɔ Yuropu ntwahonan so no, anka wobɛhia 88.

Adesua a wode bɛyɛ adwuma

Si gyinaeɛ wɔ deɛ worebɔ mmɔden ayɛ ho. Sɛ wo botaeɛ ne nkonim pɔtee bi a, to bɛt akɛseɛ kakra. Sɛ wo botaeɛ ne anwummerɛ tenten a, to bɛt nketewa na gye tom sɛ kasino mfasoɔ no bɛgye ne 2.70% wɔ bɛt sika nyinaasikaBɛt sika nyinaaSika nyinaa a wɔde to bɛt wɔ agorɔ bere anaa bere bi mu, a nkonim sika a wɔsan de to ka ho. Wɔfrɛ no nso handle, action.Kenkan ne nyinaa → kɛseɛ mu. Sɛ wo botaeɛ ne ne mmienu nyinaa a, ɛsɛ sɛ biribi gyae ma, na ɛtaa yɛ botaeɛ no.

Akontaabu kwan

Nsɛmmisa