Eudaemons kuo no

Adwene bi a ɛbaeɛ wɔ Las Vegas nsa dwam, 1975

Wɔ 1975 ahohuru bere mu no, Norman Packard, physics asuafoɔ bi, ne n’adamfo Jack Biles de abosome mmienu kan nkrataa wɔ blackjack mu wɔ Las Vegas, na wɔannya biribiara na wɔanhwere biribiara bɛyɛ saa. Bere a wɔrenom nsa a ɛtwa to no, Biles kaa sɛ ɔbɛto bɛt sɛ wɔde physics bɛtumi adi roulette so nkonim, na Packard kaee asɛm bi a ɛyɛ den ase wɔ Edward Thorp nwoma Beat the Dealer mu a ɛfa roulette ɔkwan bi ho. Wɔn baanu no fɛm afidie a ɛkyere nne, gyinagyinaa ntwahonan ho wɔ kasino ahodoɔ pii mu, na wɔbɔɔ microphone no so bere biara a bɔɔlnneɛma a wɔde diBɔɔlBɔɔl ketewa a wɔto no ma ɛtu mmirika wɔ ne kwan mu tia rotor no. Ɛnnɛ bɔɔl yɛ ivorine anaa Teflon, 18–21 mm.Kenkan ne nyinaa → no twam baabi a ɛnkyinkyini. Bere a wɔde too krataa so no, ɛkyerɛɛ sɛ bɔɔl no brɛ ase na ɛhwe ase wɔ ɔkwan bi a ɛtim so. Packard sukuu adamfo Doyne Farmer, a na ɔyɛ asuafoɔ panin wɔ University of California, Santa Cruz, kaa sɛ ɛyɛ bere sɛe kɛkɛ, kɔsii sɛ ɔno ara bu ho akontaa: onipa a ɔtumi susu bere a bɔɔl no de kɔ kɔsi bɛyɛ simma ketewa no mu nkyɛmu du mu baako no, wɔ krataa so no, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔtumi ka baabi a ɛbɛtɔ, a ɛnboro nɔma kakraa bi.

Ntwahonan bi wɔ physics nhwehwɛmu dan mu

Wɔ 1976 asusuo bere mu no, Farmer ne Dan Browne de sika ankasa $1,500 tɔɔ kasino ntwahonan bi a wɔasiesie wɔ adwumayɛbea bi wɔ Reno, na wɔkaa sɛ ɛyɛ ama asuafoɔ kuo bi apontoɔ. Abosome pii no, wɔde kɔɔ sukuupɔn no adesua nhwehwɛmu dan mu anadwo, na wɔde infrared nnwinnadeɛ, anyinam ahoɔden dɔnhwerew a wɔn ara yɛeɛ, ne mfonin afidie a bɔɔl no a ɛbɔ dadeɛ ho nne ma ɛyɛ adwuma susuu ho. Deɛ wɔhunuu no da so yɛ nneɛma a ɛho hia wɔ kyinhyia mu din krataa tiawa pa. Mframa na ɛma bɔɔl no brɛ ase kɛseɛ, ɛboro kwan no so. Ntwahonan a ɛnteɛ, sɛ ɛkɔ ntwea kakra te sɛ inch nkyɛmu du mu baako mpo a, ɛsesa baabi a bɔɔl no firi kwan no so, na wɔ ntwahonan a abɛ ntwea so no, bɔɔl no taa firi ɔfa a ɛkɔ soro no so, na ɛno ma nkɔmhyɛ no yɛ mmerɛ. Bɔɔl nsɛ: Teflon bɔɔl brɛɛ ase ntɛm mpɛn mmienu sen deɛ wɔde billiard bɔɔl nneɛma yɛeɛ. Na sɛ bɔɔl no firi kwan no so mpo a, ɛda so huruhuruw, wɔ mfinimfini mu ɛmboro ntwahonan no ho hyiaeɛ nkyɛmu ɛnan mu baako kɔsi nkyɛmu mmiɛnsa mu baako. Saa huruhuruw no ne asɛmmisa a nhyehyɛe no nyinaa sɛn so, na na ɛntrɛ ara ma ɛpepa nkɔmhyɛ no. Ahohuru bere no awieeɛ no, wɔkaa sɛ mfasoɔ a ebia wɔbɛnya yɛ 44%, nɔma a Thorp de maa n’ankasa afidie no.

Roulette ntwahonan ho nyansahu

Adwumakuo no ne paye no

Wɔtoo adwuma no din Eudaemonic Enterprises, a ɛfiri Greek asɛmfua bi a ɛkyerɛ anigyeɛ a ɛfiri asetena a nyansa kyerɛ kwan mu. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtua obiara a ɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ ho ka firi nkonim sika a ɛbɛba daakye mu, sɛdeɛ nnɔnhwerew a ɔde yɛɛ adwuma dodoɔ teɛ: ɔfa bi wɔ deɛ wɔfrɛɛ no Eudaemonic Pie no mu. Na nkonim sika no bɛtua nnamfo kuo bi a wɔbɛyɛ nyansahu wɔ wɔn ankasa kwan so ho ka.

Kɔmputa wɔ abasa ase, 1976–1978

Afidie a edi kan no firi kɔmputa a wɔde nneɛma ka bom yɛ a ɛnam krataa soma so baeɛ wɔ September 1976 a ne boɔ yɛ $250, a wɔde 6502 processor a Apple kɔmputa nso de dii dwuma no na ɛyɛeɛ. Farmer, a na ɔnkyerɛw kɔmputa dwumadie da, de bɔɔl ne rotornneɛma a wɔde diRotorNtwahonan no fa a ɛkyini a ntokuru no wɔ so.Kenkan ne nyinaa → no akontaabu kyerɛwee guu mu. Wɔkyekyeree kasino deɛ no wɔ nipadua ho, wɔ abasa ase, anaa mmaa deɛ, wɔ bra mu. Agorɔfoɔ a ɔwɔ ntwahonan ho no de ne nan nsateaa akɛseɛ miamiaa switch: nsateaa baako kyerɛɛ hweentwahonanHweeTokuru ahabammono baako a sika pɛ bɛt, dumienu kuo bɛt anaa santen tee bɛt biara nkata so; kasino mfasoɔ fibea. Wɔfrɛ no nso hwee baako, 0.Kenkan ne nyinaa → no ne bɔɔl no bere biara a wɔtwam baabi a ɛnkyinkyini, na baako no sesaa dwumadie no nhyehyɛe. Sɛ wɔde dwumadie no bɛhyɛ ntwahonan pɔtee bi mu a, ɛgyee bɛyɛ simma aduonu a wɔmiamia komm. Afei, sɛ kyinhyia biara hyɛ aseɛ simma ketewa kakraa bi a, kɔmputa no bɔɔ ntwahonan no afantwahonanƆfaNtokuru a ɛtoa so wɔ ntwahonan no so, a ɛnyɛ kuo a ɛwɔ bɛt nhyehyɛe no so.Kenkan ne nyinaa → nwɔtwe no mu baako din, anaa ɛkyerɛɛ “mma bɛt”, a ɛnam nneɛma nketewa a ɛwosow ma ɛka honam no so. Agorɔfoɔ a ɔtɔ so mmienu a ɔwɔ ɛpono no ano kakra, a radio nkra a ne ho yɛ mmerɛ de no bɔ mu no, tee wosow korɔ no ara, na ɔtoo bɛt wɔ saa ɔfa no nɔma mmiɛnsa anaa ɛnan so, na ɛtɔ da a ɔde nɔma a ɛbɛn no wɔ ntwahonan no so sesaa bi, sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ den sɛ obi bɛhu ne nhyehyɛe.

Akwantuo a edi kan, kɔɔ Lake Tahoe ne Reno wɔ December 1977, yɛɛ afidie sɛeɛ tenten baako. Nnawɔtwe kakraa bi akyi, wɔ Golden Gate a ɛwɔ Las Vegas kuro mfinimfini no, Farmer nko ara dii agorɔ nnɔnhwerew ɛnan ne fa wɔ cent du agorɔ sikasikaAgorɔ sikaAdeɛ a ɛgyina hɔ ma sika dodoɔ bi a ɛnsesa, a wode to bɛt nhyehyɛe no so de to bɛt. Wɔfrɛ no nso check.Kenkan ne nyinaa → baako biara so. Mfasoɔ no sua, nanso wɔ kyinhyia ahaha pii mu no, ɔne Browne de ahwɛyie kaa sɛ mfasoɔ no yɛ 25%.

Las Vegas roulette ntwahonan

1978 ahohuru bere

Saa ahohuru bere no, kuo no sesaa wɔn ho dii agorɔ nnawɔtwe pii, wɔ kuro mfinimfini ne Strip so, agorɔ bere mmienu da biara, na wɔnkɔ kasino baako anadwo mmienu a ɛtoatoa so da. Wɔkyerɛw nsɛm too hɔ wɔ kasino biara ho wɔ nwoma ketewa bi mu: ne ntwahonan ne sɛdeɛ wɔnteɛ, n’adwumayɛfoɔ, bere a wɔsesa adwumayɛfoɔ. Ɛdaa adi sɛ Las Vegas ntwahonan no abɛ ntwea yiye, na anadwo dasuom agorɔ no kɔ brɛoo, na ɛno na kɔmputa no hia, ɛfiri sɛ rotor a ɛkɔ brɛoo ne bɔɔl a ɛkɔ ntɛm ma bere pii wɔ hɔ ma wɔsusu na wɔto bɛt. Anadwo pa bi wɔ hɔ. Wɔ Circus Circus no, croupiernnipaCroupierDila a ɔwɔ roulette ɛpono ho.Kenkan ne nyinaa → no a wɔsesaa no anadwo nnɔnhwerew mmienu no danee agorɔ bere a na wɔrehwere no ma ɛyɛɛ dɔla ahaha pii wɔ cent 25 agorɔ sika baako biara so. Na sɛeɛ nso baa daa: ahoma a ayɛ krakra, radio nkra a ɛsesa sɛdeɛ ɔhyeɛ teɛ, ne anyinam ahoɔden a ɛfiri antenna ahoma a wɔapam ahyɛ wɔn ntadeɛ mu no bɔɔ wɔn. Anadwo bi, nneɛma a ɛwosow no kyeree, ahoma no ho yɛɛ hye, na Ingrid Hoermann toaa agorɔ no so a ɛhyee no sen sɛ ɔbɛgyae ɛpono a ɔredi nkonim wɔ so. Kasino adwumayɛfoɔ hunuu nkonim no, nanso wɔanhu ɔkwan no da; da bi croupier bi a ne bo afu ɛfiri agorɔ sika a ɛrebu so nti, sɔɔ ntwahonan a ɛrekyini no mu twee no denden.

Wɔ abosome dumiɛnsa mu no, wɔkɔɔ Nevada mprɛ nwɔtwe, na wɔtoo bɛt wɔ cent du ne cent aduonu enum so kɛseɛ no ara, na wɔnyaa dɔla mpempem kakraa bi. Agorɔ bere bi wɔ California Club wɔ December 1978 mu maa wɔnyaa boro $1,000 wɔ nnɔnhwerew mmiɛnsa mu, na ɛmaa wɔgyee dii sɛ ɔkwan no fata afidie a ɛyɛ papa.

Kɔmputa a ɛwɔ mpaboa mu, 1980–1981

Sɛdeɛ ahoma no remmfa wɔn nipadua ho bio nti, wɔsii gyinaeɛ sɛ wɔde biribiara bɛhyɛ mpaboa mu. Mark Truitt, physics asuafoɔ foforɔ a wawie sukuu a ɔfirii adwuma nsɛmmisa bi a ɛfa asraafoɔ radar adwuma ho mu kɔeɛ, de afe ne fa yɛɛ ho adwuma. Adwene a ɛmaa ɛkɔɔ mu no firi sukuupɔn no mfiri ho nimdeɛfoɔ bi: dum kɔmputa no wɔ nkɔmhyɛ ntam, na ɛhia batere kakraa bi pɛ. Truitt de chips no too circuit board mmienu a ɔno ara yɛeɛ so, ɔdanee baako too baako no so, na ɔde ɛfagu a ɛyɛ den hyɛɛ ntam no ma, na ɛyɛɛ ade bi a ne tenten yɛ inch mmienu, ne tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ inch ɛnan, na ne mu duru yɛ inch fa, a obi tumi nante so. Batere, antenna ne nneɛma a ɛwosow mmiɛnsa no mu mmienu kɔɔ mpaboa nantin mu. Nneɛma mmiɛnsa a ɛwosow wɔ ahoɔhare mmiɛnsa so maa nkra nkron: afa nwɔtwe ne “mma bɛt”. Mpaboa pamfoɔ bi tuu ɛmpaboa a wɔde nwoma ayɛ mu, na wammisa asɛm biara.

Wɔ November 1981 mu no, Farmer ne nwomakyerɛfoɔ Thomas Bass de mpaboa no ne $2,500 kɔɔ Las Vegas. Wɔ ɛpono a edi kan ho no, nkɔmhyɛ a edi kan no baa mu, na afei nneɛma a ɛwosow no hyɛɛ aseɛ wosowee kwa. Anyinam ahoɔden dede ahyɛ kasino ahodoɔ ma, ɛfiri ahwɛsie mfonin afidie, neon nkyerɛwdeɛ ne slot mfiri mu, na ɛdii radio nkra a ɛyɛ mmerɛ a ɛwɔ mpaboa no ntam so; television bi a ɛwɔ motel dan no mu nso yɛɛ saa ara. Nnipa baanan siesiee no nna pii, nanso ɛanyɛ yie, na adwuma no gyaee hɔ. Wɔde afidie no guu adaka bi mu wɔ fam dan bi mu wɔ Santa Cruz.

Deɛ 44% kyerɛ

Wɔ Amerika ntwahonan so no, nɔma baako bɛtbɛtNɔma baako bɛtNɔma baako pɛ, ɛtua 35:1.Kenkan ne nyinaa → di nkonim prɛ baako wɔ kyinhyia 38 mu wɔ mfinimfini mu na ɛtua 35 tia 1, na ɛno ma agorɔfoɔ no hwere 5.26%. Mfasoɔ 44% ne bɛt korɔ no ara boɔ sɛ ɛdi nkonim prɛ baako wɔ kyinhyia 25 mu: agorɔ sika 36 san ba ma agorɔ sika 25 biara a wode to. Enti na ɛnhia sɛ kɔmputa no nim nɔma no. Na ɛsɛ sɛ ɛma nɔma a ɛyiyiiɛ no ba mpɛn baako ne fa sen sɛdeɛ akɔntɔnkye ma kwan.

Amerika roulette ntwahonan ne mmara

Adɛn nti na mfasoɔ kɛseɛ mpo da so te sɛ sika agorɔ

Mfasoɔ wɔ 35 tia 1 so tua brɛoo na ɛnyɛ pɛ. Kuo no afotufoɔ baako bɔɔ kɔkɔ sɛ agorɔfoɔ a ɔde $100 to nɔma biara so no bɛtumi ahwere $10,000 anaa $20,000 ansa na mfasoɔ no ada adi, na akontaabu no si so dua: sɛ mfasoɔ 44% wɔ nɔma baako bɛt so mpo a, agorɔfoɔ da so wɔ akyi wɔ kyinhyia 100 akyi bɛyɛ prɛ baako wɔ mpɛn ɛnan mu. Ɛno nti na Eudaemons no de cent du na ɛhyɛɛ aseɛ, na wɔde nkonim sika no kyekyeree wɔn agorɔ dwetiresikaAgorɔ dwetireSika a woayi asie nyinaa ama agorɔ. Agorɔ dwetire so hwɛ ne sɛ wobɛsi gyinaeɛ wɔ dodoɔ a wode bɛto asiane mu wɔ bɛt biara ne agorɔ bere biara mu.Kenkan ne nyinaa →, na ɛno nti na Alan Lewis, a ɔbɛkaa wɔn ho wɔ 1978 mu no, de ne bere susuu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde to bɛt ho. Akyire no, Farmer susuu sɛ na wɔahwɛ yie dodo. Bɛt sika nketewa no bɔɔ wɔn ho ban, na ɛsan kyerɛɛ sɛ mfeɛ pii adwuma no maa wɔnyaa kakraa bi pɛ.

Deɛ ɛgyeeɛ ne deɛ ɛmaeɛ

Bɛyɛ $15,000 kɔɔ afidie nneɛma, nnwinnadeɛ ne Truitt akatua mu, na ɛmu dodoɔ no ara firi Farmer ne Letty Belin, mmaranimfoɔ bi a akyire no ɔwareeɛ no, hɔ. Wɔkaa sɛ Farmer yɛɛ adwuma nnɔnhwerew 3,500, Truitt 3,000 na Packard 2,000. Ɛne saa nyinaa ho no, dɔla mpempem kakraa bi a wɔnyaeɛ wɔ bɛt sika nketewa so na ɛgyina. Wɔ 1983 mu no, Farmer bɔɔ dawuro wɔ sika agorɔ nsɛmma nwoma bi mu hwehwɛɛ wɔn a wɔbɛde sika ahyɛ mu, na ɔkaa sɛ ɔwɔ afidie a edi kan a ɛkyerɛ kasino mfasoɔ 20 kɔsi 40% a wɔasɔ ahwɛ. Bere a Eudaemons no dii agorɔ no, Belin hwehwɛɛ Nevada mmara mu, na wanhu biribiara a ɛbara sɛ obi bɛhyɛ agorɔ ho nkɔm; wɔ May 1985 mu no, ɔman no kaa sɛ sɛ obi de afidie yɛ saa a, ɛyɛ mmaratoɔ. Deɛ ɛtenaa hɔ ne nyansahu no. Kɔmputa no a wɔyɛeɛ no tetee Farmer, Packard ne wɔn nnamfo maa chaos ho adesua, na ɛhɔ na wɔnyaa din.

Nwoma no a wobɛkan ɛnnɛ

Thomas Bass, a ɔno na ɔtoo bɛt no wɔ akwantuo a ɛtwa to no mu, kaa asɛm no wɔ The Eudaemonic Pie (1985) mu, a ɔde nkɔmmɔbɔ tenten a ɔne kuo no bɔeɛ yɛɛ ne nnyinasoɔ, na ɛno ne kratafa yi nnyinasoɔ. Ne roulette abakɔsɛm tiawa no nni nnyinasoɔ pa sɛ deɛ ɛka adwuma no ho asɛm no. Ɛsan ka Jagger asomfoɔ nsia a ɔtuaa wɔn ka ho anansesɛm, a ɛfiri nwoma bi a wɔtintimii wɔ 1901 na ɛnkɔ akyi sen saa (hwɛ Joseph Jagger), na ɛde Thorp ne Shannon kasino sɔhwɛ no to 1962, baabi a Thorp ankasa nsɛm ka sɛ ɛyɛ 1961 ahohuru bere.

Nsɛmmisa