Roulette agorɔfoɔ a wɔagye din

Joseph Jagger (1830–1892)

Ntoma adwumayɛfoɔ bi a ɔfiri Shelf, Bradford nkyɛn, a ne Manchester adwumakuo bɔɔ ka wɔ 1860. Bɛyɛ 1880 no, ɔkɔɔ Monte Carlo, ɔmaa wɔkyerɛw ntwahonan no nsunsuansoɔ too hɔ, na ɔtoo bɛt wɔ nɔma a na ɛba mpɛn pii dodo so. Nsɛm a edi kan, Victor Bethell nwoma a ɛfiri 1901, ka sɛ ɔnyaa £120,000, ɔsan hweree £40,000 na ɔde bɛyɛ £80,000, bɛyɛ franc ɔpepem mmienu, kɔeɛ, na kasino no kan tutuu ne ntwahonan fii ɛpono baako so kɔɔ foforɔ so anadwo biara na afei ɔtɔɔ foforɔ a ne ntamu ban tumi tu. Saa bere no atesɛm krataa biara ammɔ nkonim no ho amaneɛ, na kasino no nkrataa a ɛfa saa mfeɛ no ho ayera. Ne abrabɔ kyerɛwfoɔ Anne Fletcher (2018), ne nua babaa nananom mu baako, kyerɛ sɛ ɔkɔɔ hɔ kan wɔ 1880 anaa 1881, ɛnyɛ 1873 anaa 1875 a nsɛm dada ka no. Akyerɛwfoɔ nsia a ɔfaa wɔn no yɛ Bethell asɛm; nɔma nkron ho nkrataa ne ntwahonan so baabi a wɔka sɛ ɔtwitwaa no di kan da adi wɔ 1951, na hwee nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nokorɛ. Bere a ɔwuu wɔ 1892 no, n'agyapadeɛ yɛ kakra bi. Joseph Jagger krataafa no hwehwɛ adansedie no mu.

Joseph Jagger: roulette ɔkwan a ɔfaa so wɔ Monte Carlo

Charles Wells (1841–1922)

Nnaadaafoɔ ne nneɛma foforɔ yɛfoɔ bi a ɔde sika a ɔboaboaa ano maa adeɛ foforɔ a ɛnyɛ nokorɛ baa Monte Carlo wɔ 1891 na ɔbubuu sika sie no mpɛn pii wɔ nna kakra mu, nyaa bɛyɛ £40,000 wɔ ntoatoasoɔ a ɛyɛ nwonwa bi mu. Ɔkaa sɛ ɔwɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛmfom da na ɔankyerɛkyerɛ mu da. Ɔbɛyɛɛ “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” wɔ agorɔ dan nnwom bi mu, ɔsan hweree sika no fa bi wɔ saa awɔ bere no mu, na ɔde ne nkwa nna a aka no fa kɛseɛ tenaa afiase wɔ nnaadaa ho. Sɛ ne nhyehyɛe no te sɛdeɛ ɛte biara a, ne nsunsuansoɔ yɛ akwadwerɛ.

Ɔbarima a ɔfaa sikakorabea no nyinaa

Hibbs ne Walford (1947)

Wɔ 1947 mu, University of Chicago asuafoɔ mmienu, Albert Hibbs, a na ɔrewie master's degree wɔ akontaabu mu, ne Roy Walford, ayaresa sukuuni bi, de akwamma bere kɔɔ Reno kɔkyerɛw kyinhyia too hɔ. Na wɔrehwehwɛ ntwahonan a nɔma bi ba mpɛn pii sene sɛdeɛ 38 mu 1 ma kwan, wɔhunuu bi, wɔtoo bɛt wɔ so, na wɔtoaa so kɔɔ Las Vegas. Life nsɛmma nwoma kaa asɛm no wɔ Ɔpɛnimba 1947 wɔ ti asɛm “How to Win $6,500” ase; nsɛm a ɛbaa akyire, a Hibbs ankasa deɛ ka ho, de sika dodoɔ kɛseɛ ma, na Thorp, a ɔkyerɛw wɔ 1998 no, kaa sɛ ɛsiiɛ wɔ 1949–50. Sika no tuaa ahyɛn a ɛwɔ ntoma 40-foot ne afe ne fa bi wɔ Caribbean. Hibbs kɔɔ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, baabi a ɔbɛyɛɛ ne nne a agye din sene biara wɔ baguam, na Walford bɛyɛɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ a ɔhwehwɛ nkwakoraa mu. Wɔn deɛ ne Amerika nkonim a edi kan a nkrataa kyerɛ yie a ɛfiri ntwahonan animhwɛ mu, na ɛno na na ɛwɔ Thorp adwene mu wɔ 1955 bere a ɔsii gyinaeɛ sɛ ntwahonan a wɔayɛ no yie deɛ, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nneɛma su (physics) di so nkonim mmom.

Norman Leigh (1966)

Wɔ 1966 ahohuru bere mu, Norman Leigh, Engiresini bi a ɔkyerɛwee sɛ roulette na ɛsɛee n'agya no, de kuo a wɔyɛ dumienu kɔɔ Casino Municipal wɔ Nice. Sɛdeɛ ɔno ankasa ka no, wɔdii LabouchèreɔkwanLabouchèreNhyehyɛe a wotwa mu: kyerɛw nɔma santen, to bɛt a ɛyɛ n'ano mmienu no nyinaa bom, twa wɔn mu nkonim akyi, fa bɛt sika a wohweree no ka ho ahwereɛ akyi.Kenkan ne nyinaa → a ɛdane wɔ sika pɛ hokwan nsia no nyinaa so wɔ ɛpono mmienu so, wɔdii nkonim kɛseɛ anadwo pii, na wɔsii wɔn kwan bere a kasino no too ɛpono no mu na ɛbaraa wɔn firii Franse kasino ahodoɔ mu. Ne nwoma, Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), nko ara ne adansedie a ɛyɛ pɛ, na wɔntumi nhwɛ ne nkontaabu no mu. Nhyehyɛe no ntumi nkyerɛkyerɛ mu: Labouchère a ɛdane sɛe 1.35% wɔ bɛt sika nyinaasikaBɛt sika nyinaaSika nyinaa a wɔde to bɛt wɔ agorɔ bere anaa bere bi mu, a nkonim sika a wɔsan de to ka ho. Wɔfrɛ no nso handle, action.Kenkan ne nyinaa → mu wɔ la partagemmaraLa partageFranse mmara: sɛ hwee ba a, wɔsan de sika pɛ bɛt sika no fa ma. Ɛtew kasino mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ saa bɛt no so mu fa kɔ 1.35%.Kenkan ne nyinaa → mu na ɛdi nkonim wɔ agorɔ bere a ɛnnu saa a ntoatoasoɔ bi kɔ soro kɔsi ahyeɛ soro mu nko ara (hwɛ Labouchère roulette ɔkwan). Agorɔfoɔ dumienu wɔ hokwan nsia so anadwo pii no di agorɔ bere pii, na ɛsɛ sɛ kakra yɛ nkonim kɛseɛ, na kasino no a ɛtoo agorɔ no mu no ammma akwadwerɛ no ankɔ ne gyinabea.

Gyidie hunu: roulette ɔkwan a ɛdi nkonim daaLabouchère roulette ɔkwan

Thorp ne Shannon (1961)

Edward Thorp, a akyire yi ɔde nkrataa a ɔkan dii blackjack so nkonim, ne Claude Shannon, information theory nimdeɛ farefoɔ, yɛɛ kɔmputa a edi kan a wɔhyɛ wɔ nipadua so: afidie a ne kɛseɛ te sɛ sigaretɛ adaka a ɛsusuu bɔɔlnneɛma a wɔde diBɔɔlBɔɔl ketewa a wɔto no ma ɛtu mmirika wɔ ne kwan mu tia rotor no. Ɛnnɛ bɔɔl yɛ ivorine anaa Teflon, 18–21 mm.Kenkan ne nyinaa → ne rotornneɛma a wɔde diRotorNtwahonan no fa a ɛkyini a ntokuru no wɔ so.Kenkan ne nyinaa → no bere na ɛde nne bi kɔɔ aso mu afidie mu a ɛbɔ ntwahonan no nkyɛmu nwɔtwe no mu baako din. Ɛyɛɛ adwuma wɔ Shannon fie ase dan mu wɔ ntwahonan a wɔtɔeɛ so, na ɛtɔ da a ɛyɛɛ adwuma wɔ Las Vegas, baabi a ahoma bubuu na na wohunu aso mu afidie no. Wɔgyaee wɔ adwumayɛ ho nsɛm nti; Thorp bɔɔ nhyehyɛe no ho dawuro wɔ 1966 na ɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ 1979 ne 1984 (hwɛ Roulette mfasoɔ agorɔ).

Eudaemons (1976–1981)

Physics asuafoɔ akunini bi a wɔwɔ Santa Cruz yɛɛ kɔmputa nketewa sɛdeɛ wɔbɛhyɛ wɔ kasino mu: agorɔfoɔ baako de nan nsateaa so afidie susuu ntwahonan no bere, kɔmputa no hyɛɛ ɔfantwahonanƆfaNtokuru a ɛtoa so wɔ ntwahonan no so, a ɛnyɛ kuo a ɛwɔ bɛt nhyehyɛe no so.Kenkan ne nyinaa → bi ho nkɔm, na agorɔfoɔ a ɔtɔ so mmienu nyaa nkɔmhyɛ no denam wosoɔ so na ɔtoo bɛt wɔ so. Wɔ 1977 ne 1978 mu, na wɔakyekyere kɔmputa no abɔti ase; deɛ ɛbaa akyire a wɔde hyɛɛ mpaboa ase no kɔɔ Las Vegas wɔ Obubuo 1981 na kasino ahodoɔ no anyinam ahoɔden dede dii so nkonim. Wɔn sɔhwɛ hyɛɛ mfasoɔ 44% bɔ, na wɔn agorɔ bere tenten a edi kan wɔ ɛpono ankasa so maa bɛyɛ 25%. Afidie no ntaa nyɛ adwuma nkyɛ: ahoma a ɛmmɔ yie, anyinam ahoɔden a ɛbɔɔ wɔn ne bere baako ogya a ɛhyee ahoma bi mu no wiee agorɔ bere pii. Wɔnyaa dɔla mpempem kakra wɔ dime ne quarter bɛt sika so, wɔsɛee bɛyɛ $15,000 na wɔgyaa nwoma pa bi. Eudaemons krataafa no ka asɛm no.

Eudaemons kuo no

Richard Jarecki (1931–2018)

Amerika dɔkota bi a wɔwoo no wɔ Germany a, ɔne ne yere Carol ne aboafoɔ kakra kyerɛw hweentwahonanHweeTokuru ahabammono baako a sika pɛ bɛt, dumienu kuo bɛt anaa santen tee bɛt biara nkata so; kasino mfasoɔ fibea. Wɔfrɛ no nso hwee baako, 0.Kenkan ne nyinaa → baako ntwahonan nsunsuansoɔ too hɔ wɔ Yuropu kasino ahodoɔ mu wɔ 1960 mfeɛ no ne 1970 mfeɛ no mfiase, titiriw wɔ Sanremo, na ɔtoo bɛt wɔ nɔma a na ɛba mpɛn pii dodo so. Sɛdeɛ Carol Jarecki ka no, ntwahonan baako betumi agye kyinhyia 10,000 ne nea ɛboro saa ne bɛyɛ bosome baako. Owuo ho amaneɛbɔ bi a ɛfiri 2018 ka sɛ nsɛm pii kyerɛ sɛ ɔnyaa nea ɛboro $1.2 million; wɔanhwehwɛ saa nɔma no mu da. Ɔka kyerɛɛ atesɛm kyerɛwfoɔ sɛ kɔmputa bi wɔ University of London na ɛbuee agorɔ no ano; owuo ho amaneɛbɔ a ɛfiri 2018 ne roulette abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfoɔ Russell Barnhart ka sɛ eyi yɛ ntaakata a ɛkata nhwehwɛmu kɛkɛ so. Sanremo ka kyerɛɛ no sɛ ɔntwe ne ho wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 1969, ɛbaraa no sɛ sika agorɔfoɔ a ɛyɛ n'adwuma wɔ Ɔgyefoɔ na ɛsan maa no kwan wɔ nna kakra mu, ɛtutuu n'ɛpono, na awieeɛ no ɛsesaa ntwahonan bɛyɛ aduonu ɛnan. Ɔsan kɔɔ Amerika wɔ 1973 anaa 1974. Ne bere so amaneɛbɔ ma nsɛm pii.

Richard Jarecki: ne roulette nhyehyɛe

Gonzalo García-Pelayo (wɔwoo no 1947)

Spain nnwom tintimfoɔ ne sini yɛfoɔ bi a, ɔne ne mma ne ne wɔfaasefoɔ kyerɛw kyinhyia bɛyɛ 5,000 ntwahonan biara so too hɔ wɔ Casino Gran Madrid, kuro no akyi, fi 1991 awieeɛ, na wɔtoo bɛt wɔ ntokurunneɛma a wɔde diTokuruRotor no so tokuru 37 a nɔma wom no mu baako. Wɔfrɛ no nso slot, cup.Kenkan ne nyinaa → a na edi anim no so. Sɛdeɛ ne nkontaabu ka no, tokuru a ɛyɛ papa sene biara dii nkonim prɛko pɛ wɔ kyinhyia 28 mu na mfasoɔ no yɛ bɛyɛ 6%; ɔka sɛ nkonim sika no yɛ peseta ɔpepem 200 kɔsi 250 wɔ kasino ahodoɔ pii mu. Kasino no baraa abusua no, aban no dan bara no, na kasino no adwerɛbisa no anyɛ yie, deɛ etwa toɔ wɔ Supreme Court wɔ Ayɛwohomumu 2004. Asɛnnibea no kaa sɛ agorɔfoɔ no de adwene ne kɔmputa na edii dwuma, na biribi foforɔ biara nka ho, na kasino mmuaeɛ a mmara ma kwan ne sɛ ɛbɛtutu ne ntwahonan, ɛbɛsesa ne fa ahodoɔ anaa ɛbɛyɛ no yie. Gonzalo García-Pelayo krataafa no ka ne nyinaa.

Gonzalo García-Pelayo: ne roulette nhyehyɛeRoulette wɔ Yuropu

Ritz nnipa mmiɛnsa no (2004)

Agorɔfoɔ mmiɛnsa, mmarima mmienu ne ɔbaa baako a wɔfiri Yugoslavia dada ne Hungary, nyaa bɛyɛ £1.3 million wɔ anadwo mmienu mu wɔ Ɔbɛnem 2004 wɔ Ritz Club wɔ London, na wɔtoo bɛt akyire wɔ fipam nɔma kuo nketewa so. Atesɛm nkrataa kaa sɛ laser scanner bi wɔ ahintasɛm mu wɔ fon mu; nanso wɔanhunu saa afidie no da. Wɔkyeree wɔn na wɔgyaa wɔn, na wɔ Ɔpɛnimba 2004 polisifoɔ twee asɛm no firii hɔ na wɔsan de sika no maa wɔn, ɛfiri sɛ mmara dada a ɛtia nnaadaa no nkata deɛ wɔyɛeɛ no so. Bloomberg nsɛm a ɛfiri 2023 a ɛfa wɔn panin, Croatiani bi a wɔfrɛ no Niko Tosa ho no kyerɛ nkɔmhyɛ a wɔde ani yɛ wɔ ntwahonan a abɛ ntwea kakra so, ɛnyɛ afidie. Gambling Act 2005 de nnaadaa ho mmara a ɛtrɛ sene deɛ ɛdi kan no sii mmara dada no ananmu, a ɛfii aseɛ yɛɛ adwuma wɔ 2007; sɛ ɛkata nkɔmhyɛ a wɔde ani yɛ so anaa, asɛnnibea nsɔɔ nhwɛɛ da. Ɛno ne nkonim kɛseɛ a etwa toɔ a ɛdaa adi wɔ baguam a wɔde nkɔmhyɛ dii roulette so.

Deɛ roulette agorɔfoɔ a wɔdii nkonim no nyinaa yɛ pɛ

Nkonimdifoɔ biara a nkrataa kyerɛ no susuu ntwahonan no (Jagger, Hibbs ne Walford, Jarecki, García-Pelayo) anaa ɔhyɛɛ bɔɔl no ho nkɔm (Thorp, Eudaemons, Ritz kuo no). Wɔn mu baako koraa ne bɛt nhwɛsoɔ annya nkonim, na nhyehyɛe agorɔfoɔ baako a agye din, Wells, san de ne fa bi too hɔ wɔ abosome kakra mu na ɔkɔɔ afiase awieeɛ no. Kwan biara a wɔfaeɛ no, awieeɛ no kasino ahodoɔ too mu denam ntwahonan, mmara anaa aban mmara a wɔsesaeɛ so. Nhwehwɛmu dan krataafa no kyerɛkyerɛ akwan no mu; saa krataafa yi kyerɛkyerɛ deɛ enti a woate nnipa kakra pɛ ho asɛm.

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